Sodium Levels in Pre-packaged Foods and Beverages Sold in Jamaica: A Label Analysis

Background: High salt intake is the main dietary risk factor for hypertension, one of the five leading causes of death, among Jamaicans. A large share of available pre-packaged products are ultra-processed, containing sodium well in excess of recommended healthy thresholds. Policymakers are advocating for reformulations and devising public education strategies to reduce sodium content which requires an understanding of the amount and variety of sodium compounds being used in products. Procedures: This study describes the sodium content of 5,008 pre-packaged products using food label analysis. Products were divided into 15 foods and 4 beverage categories. Descriptive statistics were used to present sodium data. Additionally, a keyword search for the terms “salt” and “sodium” was done to identify the type and variety of sodium-containing ingredients in each product. Findings: Approximately, 44% of products were high in sodium. In addition to salt (sodium chloride), other sources of sodium included 27 sodiumcontaining chemical additives identified from the ingredient listing. Ready-to-heat/eat foods, animal meat products, dry spices, seasoning, spreads and sauces contained the most sodium per serving. There was high variability in mean sodium levels within and across food and beverage categories. Conclusions: Overall, a large share of pre-packaged products in Jamaica are ultra-processed emphasizing the urgency for product reformulations and policies towards healthier levels of sodium. Keywords: Sodium; Food label; Blood pressure; Hypertension; Packaged foods; Beverages; Jamaica; Sodium reduction; Reformulation; Food policy