Mycetoma of the Head and Neck: A Re-appraisal

A neglected tropical disease, declared by the WHO in 2016, mycetoma, is a chronic granulomatous, mutilating and debilitating disease. Apart from affecting the lower limbs, it also affects the cervico-facial region, chest and abdomen. In the cervico-facial region, mycetoma of the paranasal sinuses, scalp, ear, and tongue have atypical presentation. Sinus mycetoma can be sequelae to allergic fungal sinusitis due to the raised intracranial pressure effects of mycotoxins whereas mycetoma of the scalp may present without discharging granules. Neglect of fungal sinusitis, chronic pain in the scalp can be detrimental in the long run. In the oral cavity, minor trauma and bad oral hygiene can contribute to mycetoma of the tongue or oral cavity, the latter being rare. Dental surgeons can also help in the early detection of mycetoma of the oral cavity and para-nasal sinuses, during dental examination. This article aims to review mycetoma of the cervico-facial region with the objective of addressing ways for early diagnosis.