A consistent and flexible framework for deep matrix factorizations

Deep matrix factorizations (deep MFs) are recent unsupervised data mining techniques inspired by con-strained low-rank approximations. They aim to extract complex hierarchies of features within high -dimensional datasets. Most of the loss functions proposed in the literature to evaluate the quality of deep MF models and the underlying optimization frameworks are not consistent because different losses are used at different layers. In this paper, we introduce two meaningful loss functions for deep MF and present a generic framework to solve the corresponding optimization problems. We illustrate the effec-tiveness of this approach through the integration of various constraints and regularizations, such as spar-sity, nonnegativity and minimum-volume. The models are successfully applied on both synthetic and real data, namely for hyperspectral unmixing and extraction of facial features.(c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.