Thermal Shock Fabrication of Ion-Stabilized Perovskite and Solar Cells

A highly crystalline tempered-glass-like perovskite grain structure with compressed surface lattice realized by a thermal-shocking fabrication is shown. The strained perovskite grain structure is stabilized by Cl--reinforcing surface lattice and shows enhanced bonding energy and ionic activation temperature, which contributes to hysteresis-free operation of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) at much higher temperature up to 363 K in thermal-shocking-processed MAPbCl(x)I(3-)(x) (T-MPI). The PSCs can be fabricated by a high-speed fully air process without post-annealing based on the scalable bar-coating technique. Both high efficiency and stability are achieved in T-MPI PSC with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 22.99% and long-term operational stability with T-80 lifetime exceeding 4000 h.