Reactivity of triplet diradical intermediates in aqueous media for transition-metal-free Csp2–H alkylation

Alkyl pyridinium salts have been used in dipolar cycloaddition reactions with π-unsaturated compounds and in reductive single-electron transfer reactions as convenient radical precursors. Here, we report a distinct reaction pathway involving triplet diradical intermediates in the coupling reaction between alkyl pyridinium ylides and electrophilic N-heterocyclic molecules. We demonstrate that alkyl pyridinium ylides generated from alkyl pyridinium salts under basic aqueous conditions can undergo addition into iminoamido N-heterocycles, generating triplet diradical intermediates that can lead to C–H alkylated products. The proposed reaction mechanism is supported by electron paramagnetic resonance and radical scavenging experiments. Notably, a wide substrate scope and excellent level of functional group tolerance are attained under cost-effective and straightforward conditions, which reveal the amenability of this protocol in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.