Investigation of diclofenac release and dynamic structural behavior of non-lamellar liquid crystal formulations during in situ formation by UV–Vis imaging and SAXS

In situ formation of high viscous inverse lyotropic non-lamellar liquid crystalline phases is a promising approach for sustained drug delivery in the joint. The in situ forming process on exposure of two diclofenac-loaded preformulations to aqueous media was characterized with respect to depot size and shape, initial release and structural transitions using UV–Vis imaging and spatially and time-resolved synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The preformulations consisted of 10 % (w/w) ethanol, 10 % (w/w) water and a binary lipid mixture of glycerol monooleate (GMO):1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) (DOPG) or GMO:medium chain triglycerides (MCT). Upon injection of preformulations into an employed injection-cell containing excess of bio-relevant medium, rapid generation of liquid crystalline depots was observed. UV–Vis images and constructed 2D SAXS maps of the injection-cell showed depots with different shapes and sizes, and features with high nanostructural heterogeneity. More extensive swelling of the GMO:DOPG-based preformulation was observed compared to the GMO:MCT-based preformulation. The UV image analysis found that a higher amount of diclofenac was released in the image area after 20 h from the GMO:MCT depot compared to the GMO:DOPG depot. The injection-cell setup employing UV–Vis imaging and synchrotron SAXS constitutes an attractive approach for evaluating the in situ forming processes of liquid crystalline depots.