Pleistocene Megaflood Discharge in Grand Coulee, Channeled Scabland, USA

Bedrock erosion and canyon formation during extreme floods have dramatically altered landscapes on Earth and Mars. Grand Coulee was carved by outburst floods from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula and is the largest canyon in the Channeled Scabland, a megaflood-scoured landscape in the northwestern USA. Quantifying paleo-discharge is required to understand how landscapes evolve in response to extreme events, but there are few constraints on the magnitude of the floods that incised Grand Coulee; hence, we used hydraulic modeling and geologic evidence to quantify paleo-flood discharges during different phases of canyon incision. When upper Grand Coulee was incising by headward waterfall retreat, the paleo-discharge was 2.6 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1), which produced shear stresses great enough to cause the waterfall to retreat via toppling of basalt columns. The largest possible flood through upper Grand Coulee, a Missoula flood which raised glacial Lake Columbia to a stage of 750 m, produced a modeled discharge of 7.6 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1). The discharges associated with waterfall retreat and drainage of glacial Lake Columbia are >80% and similar to 50% lower, respectively, than the 14-17 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1) discharge predicted by assuming the present-day topography was inundated to the elevation of high-water marks. Due to bedrock incision, high-water marks may overestimate paleo-flow depth in canyons carved by floods, hence bedrock erosion should be considered when estimating paleo-discharge in flood-carved canyons. Our results indicate that outburst floods with discharges and flow depths much lower than those required to inundate high-water marks are capable of carving deep canyons.