A High-Resolution Atlas of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Oxygen Deficient Zones

Oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) are important biogeochemical provinces of the global oceans wherein standing dissolved oxygen concentrations decrease to nanomolar levels. Despite their confinement, these regions are disproportionally important to the ocean's role in modulating Earth's climate through the interactions between the marine nitrogen cycle and that of carbon. Moreover, the spatial domain of low oxygen regions of the ocean is predicted to change as a consequence of ocean warming, increased stratification, and changes in circulation and productivity. However, the expanse of the modern ODZs is poorly resolved due to a dearth of direct sampling compounded with errors that arise in the processing and gridding of the sparse measurements that do exist. Here, we take a novel approach to map the horizontal and vertical extent of the two major ODZs of the eastern tropical Pacific via analysis of meter-scale resolution electrode sensors from both ship casts and Argo profiles, rather than from discretized bottle measurements. The resulting three-dimensional data product is based on a compendium of nearly 15 million measurements taken across three decades and provides the precise locations of low oxygen water, elucidating the ODZs' three-dimensional structures. It can be utilized by researchers to validate models, plan cruise occupations, and as a comparison for future change. Calculations made with this high-resolution atlas also provide the volumes, layers of maximal areal extent, and other descriptive statistics for both Pacific ODZs. Finally, the atlas reveals fine-scale features of oxygenated water mass intrusions and regional differences across these anoxic zones.