Quantitative Determination of Loss Properties of Semiconductor Laser Beams Propagating in Hollow Waveguides

The loss propertiesof semiconductor laser beams propagating in hollow waveguides (HWGs) are crucial in several applications. The attenuation coefficient of the distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) in the HWG was quantitatively determined by measuring its beam profile and laser power along the length of the HWG. The experimental reliability was evaluated, with measurement uncertainties as low as 2.6% and 0.5% for the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of beam profile and the laser power, respectively. We derived an empirical formula for the attenuation coefficient, which is exponential rather than linear with the length of the HWG. The formula was verified to be highly accurate, with a 76.2% reduction in deviation compared to the data in the datasheet. We propose a new concept for a free optical path (FOP) that depends on the inner diameter of the HWG and the incident angle of the beam. The FOP could be an excellent parameter for designing or optimizing HWG-based sensors.