Regulation of Liprin-? phase separation by CASK is disrupted by a mutation in its CaM kinase domain

CASK is a unique membrane-associated guanylate kinase (CaMK) domain. We describe four male patients with a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly carrying missense variants affecting the CaMK domain. One boy who carried the p.E115K variant and died at an early age showed pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) in addition to microcephaly, thus exhibiting the classical MICPCH phenotype observed in individuals with CASK loss-of-function variants. All four variants selectively weaken the interaction of CASK with Liprin-alpha 2, a component of the presynaptic active zone. Liprin-alpha proteins form spherical phase-separated condensates, which we observe here in Liprin-alpha 2 overexpressing HEK293T cells. Large Liprin-alpha 2 clusters were also observed in transfected primary-cultured neurons. Cluster formation of Liprin-alpha 2 is reversed in the presence of CASK; this is associated with altered phosphorylation of Liprin-alpha 2. The p.E115K variant fails to interfere with condensate formation. As the individual carrying this variant had the severe MICPCH disorder, we suggest that regulation of Liprin-alpha 2-mediated phase condensate formation is a new functional feature of CASK which must be maintained to prevent PCH.