Survivability of Clostridioides difficile spores in fermented pork summer sausage during refrigerated storage

Background and Aim: Clostridioides difficile is a spore-forming pathogen that causes serious enteric disease in humans. Strains have been isolated from food animals and meat, including pork, which suggest a potential for foodbome transmission. Pork summer sausage is a popular fermented meat product, which is consumed cooked or cooked to a lower internal temperature due to acidification of the product. The effect of acidity and cooking on the viability of C. difficile spores in a fermented meat product has not been determined. Therefore, the aim was to study the survivability of C. difficile spores in fermented pork summer sausage. Materials and Methods: Fermented pork sausages were prepared according to a commercial recipe with or without starter culture and C. difficile spores followed by fermentation at 37 degrees C for similar to 12 h under 85% relative humidity until pH 5.0 was reached and further processed as cooked (>57 degrees C) or uncooked (<= 57 degrees C) and stored at 4 degrees C. C. difficile spores in sausages were enumerated at 1 h following inoculation and on days 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, and 90 of storage. Results: It was observed that C. difficile spore viability in control unfermented treatment was significantly different on day 0 from the fermented, fermented cooked, and control unfermented cooked treatments (p<0.05); however, there was no significant difference among the latter three treatment groups throughout 90 days of storage (p>0.05). On day 90 of storage, the unfermented control sausages yielded similar to 4.0 log colony-forming unit (CFU)/g of C. difficile spores compared to similar to 3.5 log CFU/g recovered from fermented samples and the unfermented cooked control samples identifying spore viability in all treatment groups. Conclusion: C. difficile spores were found to survive the acidity and cooking of fermented pork summer sausage and storage at 4 degrees C for 3 months, thereby highlighting the need for effective intervention strategies to reduce the risk of C. difficlle contamination in pork products.