Nuclear spin polarization and control in hexagonal boron nitride

Electron spins in van der Waals materials are playing a crucial role in recent advances in condensed-matter physics and spintronics. However, nuclear spins in van der Waals materials remain an unexplored quantum resource. Here we report optical polarization and coherent control of nuclear spins in a van der Waals material at room temperature. We use negatively charged boron vacancy ( V_B^- ) spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride to polarize nearby nitrogen nuclear spins. We observe the Rabi frequency of nuclear spins at the excited-state level anti-crossing of V_B^- defects to be 350 times larger than that of an isolated nucleus, and demonstrate fast coherent control of nuclear spins. Further, we detect strong electron-mediated nuclear–nuclear spin coupling that is five orders of magnitude larger than the direct nuclear-spin dipolar coupling, enabling multi-qubit operations. Our work opens new avenues for the manipulation of nuclear spins in van der Waals materials for quantum information science and technology.