Surface settlement in saturated loess stratum during shield construction: Numerical modeling and sensitivity analysis

During shield construction of Xi'an metro, saturated loess stratum with loose soil structure and poor engineering properties is often encountered, which is prone to cause excessive surface settlement (SS) and risk to the safety of upper infrastructures. Six factors that affect SS during shield construction and post-construction stages in Xi'an metro were focused, including shield tail grouting pressure ratio delta, eccentric over-excavation ratio alpha, ground-water decline, shield earth chamber pressure lambda, shield tail grout filling ratio xi, and leakage position of lining. According to Peck's formula, two characteristic parameters of SS were defined, i.e., maximum surface settlement (MSS) and settlement trough width (STW). Based on the Biot's theory, the computation of fluid-solid coupling during shield construction in saturated loess stratum was realized. Local sensitivity analysis indicates that SS of saturated loess stratum is more sensitive to shield tail grout filling ratio, eccentric over-excavation ratio, groundwater decline and grouting pressure ratio. In order to reduce the SS and its influence range, the following standards should be satisfied, i.e., xi 60%, alpha < 0.5%, 1.0 < delta < 1.1 and 0.9 < lambda < 1.6. Moreover, in the post -construction stage, the closer the leakage position to the bottom of the tunnel, the greater the induced MSS and the wider the STW, and waterproofing measures for the lining near the bottom plate should be taken to ensure that the relative permeability coefficient of the lining beta < 0.001. The groundwater level should also be main-tained in the overlying stratum.