Nano-titanium dioxide inhalation exposure during gestation drives redox dysregulation and vascular dysfunction across generations

Background Pregnancy is associated with many rapid biological adaptations that support healthy development of the growing fetus. One of which is critical to fetal health and development is the coordination between maternal liver derived substrates and vascular delivery. This crucial adaptation can be potentially derailed by inhalation of toxicants. Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are commonly used in household and industrial products as well as in medicinal applications. As such, the potential risk of exposure remains a concern, especially during pregnancy. We have previously reported that ENM inhalation leads to upregulation in the production of oxidative species. Therefore, we aimed to determine if F0 dam maternal nano-TiO 2 inhalation exposure (exclusively) resulted in altered H 2 O 2 production capacity and changes in downstream redox pathways in the F0 dams and subsequent F1 pups. Additionally, we investigated whether this persisted into adulthood within the F1 generation and how this impacted F1 gestational outcomes and F2 fetal health and development. We hypothesized that maternal nano-TiO 2 inhalation exposure during gestation in the F0 dams would result in upregulated H 2 O 2 production in the F0 dams as well as her F1 offspring. Additionally, this toxicological insult would result in gestational vascular dysfunction in the F1 dams yielding smaller F2 generation pups. Results Our results indicate upregulation of hepatic H 2 O 2 production capacity in F0 dams, F1 offspring at 8 weeks and F1 females at gestational day 20. H 2 O 2 production capacity was accompanied by a twofold increase in phosphorylation of the redox sensitive transcription factor NF-κB. In cell culture, naïve hepatocytes exposed to F1-nano-TiO 2 plasma increased H 2 O 2 production. Overnight exposure of these hepatocytes to F1 plasma increased H 2 O 2 production capacity in a partially NF-κB dependent manner. Pregnant F1- nano-TiO 2 females exhibited estrogen disruption (12.12 ± 3.1 pg/ml vs. 29.81 ± 8.8 pg/ml sham-control) and vascular dysfunction similar to their directly exposed mothers. F1-nano-TiO 2 uterine artery H 2 O 2 production capacity was also elevated twofold. Dysfunctional gestational outcomes in the F1-nano-TiO 2 dams resulted in smaller F1 (10.22 ± 0.6 pups vs. sham-controls 12.71 ± 0.96 pups) and F2 pups (4.93 ± 0.47 g vs. 5.78 ± 0.09 g sham-control pups), and fewer F1 male pups (4.38 ± 0.3 pups vs. 6.83 ± 0.84 sham-control pups). Conclusion In conclusion, this manuscript provides critical evidence of redox dysregulation across generations following maternal ENM inhalation. Furthermore, dysfunctional gestational outcomes are observed in the F1-nano-TiO 2 generation and impact the development of F2 offspring. In total, this data provides strong initial evidence that maternal ENM exposure has robust biological impacts that persists in at least two generations.