The association between short-term ambient air pollution and acne vulgaris outpatient visits: a hospital-based time-series analysis in Xi’an

Recent studies have suggested that exposure to ambient airborne pollutants is associated with inflammatory skin diseases, but the epidemiological evidence regarding the association between air pollution and acne vulgaris is limited. To address that, a hospital-based time-series analysis was conducted in Xi’an, a metropolitan in northwest China. A total of 71,625 outpatient visits for acne from 2010 to 2013 were identified. The mean daily concentrations of PM 10 , SO 2 , and NO 2 were 142.6 μg/m 3 , 44.7 μg/m 3 , and 48.5 μg/m 3 , and all were higher than WHO air quality guidelines. A generalized additive model was used to analyze the relationship between short-term ambient air pollution exposure and outpatient visits for acne. The gender- and age-specific analyses were conducted as well. The results showed that the increase of SO 2 and NO 2 concentrations corresponded to a significant rise in the number of outpatient visits for acne at lag 0 in both single-lag and cumulative exposure models. Both SO 2 and NO 2 were positively associated with acne outpatient visits for both males and females. In age-specific analyses, the effect estimate of PM 10 was only significant for adults over 30 years old; SO 2 was significantly associated with acne visits in children and adolescents (<21 years) and young adults (21–30 years); and NO 2 was significantly associated with acne visits in all age subgroups. In conclusion, short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants (PM 10 , SO 2 , or NO 2 ) with the average levels above WHO limits was associated with increased risk of outpatient visits for both teenage acne and adult acne. Moreover, the effects of air pollutants may vary with age.