Umbu Fruit Peel as Source of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and alpha-Amylase Inhibitor Compounds

Herein, the extraction of bioactive compounds from umbu fruit peel was optimized using thermal-assisted solid-liquid extraction. In parallel, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and inhibitory effects against alpha-amylase of optimized extract were also evaluated. The combination of operational conditions including the temperature (32-74 degrees C), ethanol concentration (13-97%), and solid/liquid ratio (1:10-1:60; w/v) was employed using a rotational central composite design for optimization. The extracts were evaluated for total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC) and antioxidant capacity by ABTS(center dot+), DPPH center dot and FRAP assays. The bioactive profile of the optimized extract was obtained by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry in electrospray ionization in both negative and positive modes. The statistically evaluated results showed that the optimal operational conditions for the recovery of bioactive compounds from umbu fruit peel included 74 degrees C, 37% ethanol, and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:38. Under these conditions, the obtained values were 1985 mg GAE/100 g, 1364 mg RE/100 g, 122 mu mol TE/g, 174 mu mol/TE g and 468 mu mol Fe2+/g for TPC, TFC, ABTS(center dot+), DPPH center dot, and FRAP assays, respectively. In addition, the optimized extract was effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MBC ranged from 0.060 to 0.24 mg GAE/mL), as well as it was effective to inhibit alpha-amylase (IC50 value of 0.076 mg GAE/mL). The optimized extract showed to be mainly constituted by phenolic acids and flavonoids.