Comparative chloroplast genome analyses of cultivated spinach and two wild progenitors shed light on the phylogenetic relationships and variation

Spinacia is a genus of important leafy vegetable crops worldwide and includes cultivated Spinacia oleracea and two wild progenitors, Spinacia turkestanica and Spinacia tetrandra . However, the chloroplast genomes of the two wild progenitors remain unpublished, limiting our knowledge of chloroplast genome evolution among these three Spinacia species. Here, we reported the complete chloroplast genomes of S. oleracea , S. turkestanica , and S. tetrandra obtained via Illumina sequencing. The three chloroplast genomes exhibited a typical quadripartite structure and were 150,739, 150,747, and 150,680 bp in size, respectively. Only three variants were identified between S. oleracea and S. turkestanica , whereas 690 variants were obtained between S. oleracea and S. tetrandra , strongly demonstrating the close relationship between S. turkestanica and S. oleracea . This was further supported by phylogenetic analysis. We reported a comprehensive variant dataset including 503 SNPs and 83 Indels using 85 Spinacia accessions containing 61 S. oleracea , 16 S. turkestanica , and eight S. tetrandra accessions. Thirteen S. oleracea accessions were derived through introgression from S. turkestanica that acts as the maternal parent. Together, these results provide a valuable resource for spinach breeding programs and improve our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within Amaranthaceae.