Influence of citrate and PEG coatings on the bioaccumulation of TiO 2 and CeO 2 nanoparticles following dietary exposure in rainbow trout

Background This study was conducted to provide much needed information on the potential of low solubility, highly biodurable nanoparticles (NPs) (TiO 2 and CeO 2 NPs), to bioaccumulate in fish and to investigate the relationship between an engineered nanomaterials surface coating, uptake and biokinetics in vivo. Rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) were fed diets spiked with uncoated or surface coated (polyethylene glycol (PEG) or citrate (CIT)) TiO 2 and CeO 2 NPs (100 mg NPs/kg feed) for 10 days and thereafter fish were allowed to depurate for 42 days. Special care was taken to measure the real dispersed and actual administered concentrations, taking into consideration any potential losses from leaching, and to characterise the form (size, aggregation state, charge) of the NPs to which the fish were exposed. Results The coatings had an influence on levels of uptake and distributions. Most notably a higher uptake of PEG and CIT coated TiO 2 and CeO 2 NPs compared to fish exposed to uncoated materials was observed. The elimination of any Ti from tissues was rapid during the first day of depuration, whereas Ce levels remained in fish tissues (stomach, intestine and liver) with differences in depuration and redistribution of the three types of CeO 2 NPs. However, no bioaccumulation potential for both tested metal oxide NPs in fish irrespective of coatings is expected according to BMF values < 1. Conclusions Distinct uptake, distribution and depuration kinetics in rainbow trout have been evidenced for different metal oxide NPs (TiO 2 and CeO 2 NPs). Coatings influenced uptake and in some cases led to slower depuration and distinct distributions, but do not make the uncoated NPs studied bioaccumulative (BMF > 1). Graphical Abstract