Normative Values for Cardiopulmonary Exercise Stress Testing Using Ramp Cycle Ergometry in Children and Adolescents

Objectives To provide sex, age, and race specific reference values for ramp cycle ergometer cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in children in the US. Study design Retrospective review was conducted of all cardiopulmonary CPET data from our Exercise Physiology Laboratory on healthy children and adolescents (6-18 years) with body mass index between the 5th and 95th percentiles and structurally normal hearts who performed a ramp cycle ergometry stress test between 1999 and 2015. Twenty-eight exercise variables were included: peak oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption at ventilatory anaerobic threshold, peak work rate, resting and peak heart rate and blood pressure, resting pulmonary function testing, and ventilatory responses to progressive exercise using breath-by-breath gas exchange. Owing to the nonlinear association between CPET results and age, fractional polynomials were used in the mixed-effects regression models to describe the sex- and age-specific normative values with 95% CIs, after adjusting for race and body mass index. Results We analyzed data on 1829 children (average age, 13.6 +/- 2.6 years; 52% male). After 12 years of age, males generally had higher peak values for aerobic capacity and work rate. There were progressive increases with age for both sexes in resting pulmonary function and ventilatory response to exercise, peak aerobic and work rate, and oxygen pulse. Notably, there was an age-related decrease in ventilatory equivalents of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold. Conclusions Future research using prospective, inclusive, and statistically planned cohorts with standardized laboratory approaches and confirmed interoperability should be considered as a focus for validating normative pediatric CPET values in the future.