Temporal Trends of Dietary Risk Factors after a Diagnosis of Kidney Stones

Background and objectives Diet is an important contributor to kidney stone formation, but there are limited data regarding long-term changes in dietary factors after a kidney stone. Design, setting, participants & measurements We analyzed data from three longitudinal cohorts, the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study and Nurses' Health Study I and II, comparing changes in dietary factors in participants with and without kidney stones during follow-up. The daily intake of dietary calcium, supplemental calcium, animal protein, caffeine, fructose, potassium, sodium, oxalate, phytate, vitamin D, vitamin C, sugar-sweetened beverages, fluids, net endogenous acid production, and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score were assessed by repeat food frequency questionnaires and computed as absolute differences; a difference-in-differences approach was used to account for temporal changes using data from participants without kidney stones from the same calendar period. Results Included were 184,398 participants with no history of kidney stones, 7095 of whom became confirmed stone formers. Several intakes changed significantly over time in stone formers, with some showing a relative increase up to 8 years later, including caffeine (difference in differences, 8.8 mg/d; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 3.4 to 14.1), potassium (23.4 mg/d; 95% CI, 4.6 to 42.3), phytate (12.1 mg/d; 95% CI, 2.5 to 21.7), sodium (43.1mg/d; 95% CI, 19.8 to 66.5), and fluids (47.1 ml/d; 95% CI, 22.7 to 71.5). Other dietary factors showed a significant decrease, such as oxalate (27.3 mg/d; 95% CI,211.4 to23.2), vitamin C (234.2 mg/d; 95% CI,248.8 to219.6),and vitamin D (218.0 IU/d; 95% CI,227.9 to28.0). A significant reduction was observed in sugar-sweetened beverages intake of20.5 (95% CI,20.8 to20.3) and21.4 (95% CI,21.8 to21.0) servings/w and supplemental calcium of2105.1 (95% CI,2135.4 to274.7) and269.4 (95% CI,295.4 to243.4) mg/d for women from Nurses Health Study I and II, respectively. Animal protein, dietary calcium, fructose intake, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score, and net endogenous acid production did not change significantly over time. Conclusions After the first episode of a kidney stone, mild and inconsistent changes were observed concerning dietary factors associated with kidney stone formation