Non-serotype 2 isolates from healthy pigs are a potential zoonotic reservoir of Streptococcus suis genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance

Streptococcus suis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in SE Asia, with frequent zoonotic transfer to humans associated with close contact with pigs. A small number of invasive lineages are responsible for endemic infection in the swine industry causing considerable global economic losses. A lack of surveillance and a rising trend in clinical treatment failure has raised concerns of growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among invasive S. suis . The source-sink dynamics between healthy and disease isolates is poorly understood and, in this study, we sample and sequence a collection of isolates predominantly from healthy pigs in Chiang Mai province, Northern Thailand. Pangenome comparisons with a selection of invasive serotype 2 isolates identified increased genetic diversity and more frequent AMR carriage in isolates from healthy pigs. Multiple antimicrobial resistance genes were identified conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, lincosamides, tetracycline and macrolides. All isolates were non-susceptinle to three or more different antimicrobial classes, and 75% of non-serotype 2 isolates were non-susceptible to 6 or more classes (compared to 37.5% of serotype 2 isolates). Antimicrobial resistance genes were found on integrative and conjugative elements (ICE) previously observed in other species, suggesting mobile gene pool which can be accessed by invasive disease isolates. Significance statement The zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis causes respiratory disease in pigs and is among the most common causative agents of human clinical bacterial meningitis in SE Asia. We collected isolates from farmed healthy pigs in Northern Thailand, representing a source population from which invasive isolates have recently emerged – linked to the pork production industry. Pangenome characterisation of the isolates revealed a reservoir of genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance suggesting that One Health approaches may be beneficial in tackling the increase in antimicrobial resistance. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. * AMC : Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid AMP : Ampicillin AMR : Antimicrobial Resistance AMX : Amoxycillin ARGs : Antimicrobial Resistance Genes CARD : Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database CHL : Chloramphenical CLI : Clindamycin CTF : Ceftiofur DOX : Doxycycline ENR : Enrofloxacin ERY : Erythromycin FLO : Florfenicol GEN : Gentamycin ICE : Integrative and Conjugative Elements KAN : Kanamycin LIN : Lincomycin LZD : Linezolid MDR : Multiple Drug Resistance MLS : Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B NCBI : National Center for Biotechnology Information OTC : Oxytetracyclin PEN : Penicillin G SXT : Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim TET : Tetracycline VFDB : Virulence Factor Database