Stimulated Insulin Secretion Predicts Changes in Body Composition Following Weight Loss in Adults with High BMI

Background: The aim of obesity treatment is to promote loss of fat relative to lean mass. However, body composition changes with calorie restriction differ among individuals. Objectives: The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that insulin secretion predicts body composition changes among young and middle-age adults with high BMI (in kg/m(2)) following major weight loss. Methods: Exploratory analyses were conducted with pre-randomization data from 2 large feeding trials: the Framingham, Boston, Bloomington, Birmingham, and Baylor study (FB4; n = 82, 43.9% women, BMI >= 27) and the Framingham State Food Study [(FS)2; n = 161, 69.6% women, BMI >= 251. Participants in the 2 trials consumed calorie-restricted moderate-carbohydrate or very-low-carbohydrate diets to produce 12-18% weight loss in similar to 14 wk or 10-14% in similar to 10 wk, respectively. We determined insulin concentration 30 min after a 75-g oral glucose load (insulin-30) as a measure of insulin secretion and HOMA-IR as a measure of insulin resistance at baseline. Body composition was determined by DXA at baseline and post-weight loss. Associations were analyzed using general linear models with adjustment for covariates. Results: In FB4, higher insulin-30 was associated with a smaller decrease in fat mass (0.441 kg per 100 mu IU/mL increment in baseline insulin-30; P= 0.005; -1.20-kg mean difference between the first compared with the fifth group of insulin-30) and a larger decrease in lean mass (-0.465 kg per 100 mu IU/mL; P= 0.004; 1.27-kg difference). Participants with higher insulin-30 lost a smaller proportion of weight loss as fat (-3.37% per 100 mu IU/mL; P= 0.003; 9.20% difference). Greater HOMA-IR was also significantly associated with adverse body composition changes. Results from (FS)2 were qualitatively similar but of a smaller magnitude. Conclusions: Baseline insulin dynamics predict substantial individual differences in body composition following weight loss. These findings may inform understanding of the pathophysiological basis for weight regain and the design of more effective obesity treatment.