Hybrid Average-Value/Detailed Modeling of Line-Commutated AC–DC Converters With Internal Faults For Electromagnetic Transient Simulations

Recently, a hybrid average-value/detailed modeling technique has been presented for efficient electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation of power systems containing ac-dc line-commutated rectifiers (LCRs). In this letter, the hybrid modeling methodology is extended to consider asymmetrical operation of LCRs due to internal faults of switches. The hybrid model permits large time-steps as opposed to conventional switching models that require precise handling of switching events and respectively small time-steps. The extended hybrid model is also demonstrated to possess numerical advantages over the existing state-of-the-art average-value models (AVMs) of faulty LCRs while providing more accurate results.