Ivabradine Augments High-Frequency Dynamic Gain Of The Heart Rate Response To Low- And Moderate-Intensity Vagal Nerve Stimulation Under Beta-Blockade

Our previous study indicated that intravenously administered ivabradine (IVA) augmented the dynamic heart rate (HR) response to moderate-intensity vagal nerve stimulation (VNS). Considering an accentuated antagonism, the results were somewhat paradoxical; i.e., the accentuated antagonism indicates that an activation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels via the accumulation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) augments the HR response to VNS, whereas the inhibition of HCN channels by IVA also augmented the HR response to VNS. To remove the possible influence from the accentuated antagonism, we examined the effects of IVA on the dynamic vagal control of HR under beta-blockade. In anesthetized rats (n = 7), the right vagal nerve was stimulated for 10 min according to binary white noise signals between 0 and 10Hz (V-0-(10)), between 0 and 20 Hz (V0-20), and between 0 and 40Hz (V0-40). The transfer function from VNS to HR was estimated. Under beta-blockade (propranolol, 2 mg/kg iv), IVA (2 mg/kg iv) did not augment the asymptotic low-frequency gain but increased the asymptotic high-frequency gain in V-0-1(0 )(0.53 +/- 0.10 vs. 1.74 +/- 0.40 beats/min/Hz, P < 0.01) and V-0-2(0 ) (0.79 +/- 0.14 vs. 2.06 +/- 0.47 beats/min/Hz, P < 0.001). These changes, which were observed under a minimal influence from sympathetic background tone, may reflect an increased contribution of the acetylcholine-sensitive potassium channel (l(KACh)) pathway after IVA, because the HR control via the l(KACh) pathway is faster and acts in the frequency range higher than the cAMP-mediated pathway.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Since ivabradine (IVA) inhibits hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, interactions among the sympathetic effect, vagal effect, and IVA can occur in the control of heart rate (HR). To remove the sympathetic effect, we estimated the transfer function from vagal nerve stimulation to HR under beta-blockade in anesthetized rats. IVA augmented the high-frequency dynamic gain during low- and moderate-intensity vagal nerve stimulation. Untethering the hyperpolarizing effect of acetylcholine-sensitive potassium channels after IVA may be a possible underlying mechanism.