Enhanced Production Of Beta-Caryophyllene By Farnesyl Diphosphate Precursor-Treated Callus And Hairy Root Cultures Of Artemisia Vulgaris L.

Artemisia vulgaris L. produces a wide range of valuable secondary metabolites. The aim of the present study is to determine the effects of various concentrations of farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) on beta-caryophyllene content in both callus and hairy root (HR) cultures regeneration from leaf explants of A. vulgaris L. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D; 4-13 mu M), alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 5-16 mu M), and FDP (1 and 3 mu M) was used for callus induction and HR regeneration from leaf explants of A. vulgaris L. In this study, precursor-treated (2,4D 13.5 mu M + FDP 3 mu M) callus displayed the highest biomass fresh weight (FW)/dry weight (DW): 46/25 g, followed by NAA 10.7 mu M + FDP 3 mu M with FW/DW: 50/28 g. Two different Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (A(4) and R-1000) were evaluated for HR induction. The biomass of HRs induced using half-strength MS + B-5 vitamins with 3 mu M FDP was FW/DW: 40/20 g and FW/DW: 41/19 g, respectively. To determine beta-caryophyllene accumulation, we have isolated the essential oil from FDP-treated calli and HRs and quantified beta-caryophyllene using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The highest production of beta-caryophyllene was noticed in HR cultures induced using A(4) and R-1000 strains on half-strength MS medium containing 3 mu M FDP, which produced 2.92 and 2.80 mg/ml beta-caryophyllene, respectively. The optimized protocol can be used commercially by scaling up the production of a beta-caryophyllene compound in a short span of time.