Nutrition and Diabetes in the Context of Inflammaging

Purpose of Review To update the concepts of inflammaging and the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); to summarize some related nutritional aspects. Recent Findings Inflammaging is a complex network of aging-related changes, which are associated with immunosenescence and metainflammation (the inflammation originated outside the immune system which may include the gut environment, adipose tissue, or self-molecules generated in different types of cells). The inflammatory status increases insulin resistance and, consequently, the risk of T2DM. Dietary patterns, including foods, nutrients, and bioactive compounds, can modulate inflammatory pathways and may contribute positively or negatively to inflammatory status and prevention or management to T2DM. Some examples of these dietary components are fatty acids, phytochemicals, salt, carbohydrates, among others. Studies aiming at caloric restriction (caloric restriction per se [CR] or intermittent fasting [IR]) have shown promising results. However, they need precaution when applied to older adults. Summary Dietary intervention on inflammaging and T2DM still deserves further studies related to its application in clinical practice. Clinical and epidemiological investigations of diet, its association with inflammaging, and T2DM should integrate different omic approaches in order to understand these complex relationships.