Effects of Particle Size on the NO 2 Gas Sensing Properties of NiO Nanoparticle-Decorated SnO 2 Nanorods

This study reports the effects of NiO nanoparticle (NP) size on the sensing performance of NiO NP-decorated SnO 2 nanorods (NRs). NiO NP-decorated SnO 2 NRs were synthesized using a two-step process: 1) thermal evaporation of tin powders in an oxidizing atmosphere based on the vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism and 2) solvothermal decoration of SnO 2 NRs with NiO NPs. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that both the SnO 2 NRs and the NiO NPs were polycrystalline. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the diameters of the NRs ranged from 100 to 200 nm and that those of the small and the large NiO NPs ranged from 20 to 30 nm and from 80 to 180 nm, respectively. The small NiO NP-decorated SnO 2 NRs showed stronger response to NO 2 than did the large NiO NP-decorated SnO 2 NRs over the concentration range of 0.5–100 ppm. Decoration of SnO 2 NRs with small NiO NPs resulted in enhanced sensing performance whereas decoration of SnO 2 NRs with large NiO NPs deteriorated the sensing performance. The superior NO2 gas sensing performance of the small NiO NP-decorated SnO 2 NR sensor as compared to that of the large NiO NP-decorated SnO 2 NR sensor was attributed to a higher ratio of n-SnO 2 to p-NiO and a higher number of p-n heterojunctions for the same volume of NiO in the former than in the latter. In addition, the small NiO NP-decorated SnO 2 NR sensors showed selectivity toward NO 2 against other competing gases such as SO 2 , CO 2 , CO, H 2 , C 7 H 8 and C 6 H 6 .