Assessing light pollution impacts on seabirds in Chile: Diagnosis and proposals

Light pollution affects seabirds through the attraction to light sources and its fallout all over the world, being petrels and shear-waters the most affected species. Light pollution is increasing globally and its effects on seabirds will likely increase during the next years. A global assessment of this issue has been made, but there is no detailed information about South America; thus, the aim of this article is to assess the situation in Chile, in order to suggest technical measures to be considered into the national light pollution policy, which could promote the addressing of the issue in South America. To do so, a diagnosis on marine bird species was made through direct consultation with experts, a systematic review, and research in free access databases. We found 17 seabirds species affected by fallout in Chile, including six species not previously recognized in the literature. The impact is mainly distributed in islands and coastal localities, but also inland, as far as 100 km from the shore. Most of the management of this phenomenon done in Chile is restricted to the rescue and release of affected birds, although there is no evidence of the long-term success of this approach. Measures, such as turning off lights or light replacement are rare, implemented at a small scale, and have unknown results. An update of the light pollution policy is required in Chile, which should consider the protection of biodiversity as a goal, the national geographic scope beyond areas of astronomical interest, and including new lighting technologies such as LED lights. Finally, the development of stronger regulations for human activities, like lighting near sensible points, including seabirds' breeding grounds, is especially important.