Operando monitoring of temperature and active species at the single catalyst particle level

The development of improved catalysts requires insights into the relationship between catalytic activity and catalyst structure, including the underlying reaction mechanism. Here, we demonstrate a unique set of catalyst extrudate sensors that allow for the simultaneous detection of local temperature by luminescence thermometry, and of surface species by shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. This sensing approach was applied to the characterization of direct conversion of syngas into hydrocarbons and C 2+ oxygenates over supported Rh and RhFe catalysts. Luminescence thermometry demonstrated a mismatch between the set temperature and the local catalyst temperature, with variations up to 40 °C. Furthermore, by investigating the surface species on varying extrudate and catalyst compositions, we identified tilted carbonyl species on the Rh/SiO 2 interface that are probable precursors for the hydrogen-assisted CO dissociation. The implementation of extrudate catalyst sensors as a characterization tool provides a unique approach towards the further understanding of the relevant parameters in catalysis.