Annual and seasonal variability of net heat flux in the Northern Indian Ocean

We investigate the spatial and temporal variability of the net ocean-atmosphere heat flux (Q(net)) over the Indian Ocean (north of 30 S) for the period 2005-2008, as estimated from remotely sensed observations. Net heat flux data are based on turbulent fluxes from the Institut Francais pour la Recherche et l'Exploitation de la MER (IFREMER) and radiative fluxes, both shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) as produced at the University of Maryland (UMD). Special attention is given to the Arabian Sea (AS) and the Bay of Bengal (BoB). The estimates are evaluated against the Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA). Results are also compared to several widely used atmospheric re-analyses products such as the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis-Interim (ERA-I), the ERA5, the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2), and the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR). It is demonstrated that satellite-based estimates of heat flux components are in better agreement with in-situ buoy observations than re-analysis-based products. As such, the satellite products can be instrumental in diagnosing model performance and utilized for addressing research issues related to atmospheric and oceanic dynamics in the Indian Monsoon. It was found that the meanQ(net)is higher in the AS than in the BoB, yet the phase of their monthly time series is well correlated with ocean heat gain/loss extremes. We have also investigated the relationship betweenQ(net)and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) (mixed layer temperature proxy) with respect to their consistency. It was found that over most of the open Indian Ocean, at least half of the seasonal SST magnitude is explained by the seasonalQ(net). Given the small (<= 1 month) delay between an annual maximum of the seasonal mixed layer heat content rate of change and the seasonalQ(net), it is concluded thatQ(net)data presented in this paper are generally consistent with independently observed SST.