Performance of the BGSDC integrator for computing fast ion trajectories in nuclear fusion reactors?,?

Modelling neutral beam injection (NBI) in fusion reactors requires computing the trajectories of large ensembles of particles. Slowing down times of up to one second combined with nanosecond time steps make these simulations computationally very costly. This paper explores the performance of BGSDC, a new numerical time stepping method, for tracking ions generated by NBI in the DIII-D and JET reactors. BGSDC is a high-order generalization of the Boris method, combining it with spectral deferred corrections and the Generalized Minimal Residual method GMRES. Without collision modelling, where numerical drift can be quantified accurately, we find that BGSDC can deliver higher quality particle distributions than the standard Boris integrator at comparable computational cost or comparable distributions at lower computational cost. With collision models, quantifying accuracy is difficult but we show that BGSDC produces stable distributions at larger time steps than Boris. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).