The effect of music on pain in the adult intensive care unit: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Abstract Context Multimodal analgesic approaches are recommended for ICU pain management. Although music is known to reduce pain in acute and chronic care settings, less is known about its effectiveness in the adult ICU. Objectives Determine the effects of music interventions on pain in the adult ICU, compared with standard care or noise reduction. Methods This review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018106889). Databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of music interventions in the adult ICU, with the search terms [“music*” and (“critical care” or “intensive care”)]. Pain scores (i.e., self-report rating scales or behavioral scores) were the main outcomes of this review. Data was analyzed using a DerSimonian-Laird random effects method with standardized mean difference (SMD) of pain scores. Statistical heterogeneity was determined as I2u003e50% and explored via subgroup analyses and meta-regression. Results Eighteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a total of 1173 participants (60% males, mean age of 60 years) were identified. Ten of these studies were included in the meta-analysis based on risk of bias assessment (n=706). Music was efficacious in reducing pain (SMD of -0.63 [95% confidence interval -1.02, -0.24, n=10], I2=87%). Music interventions of 20-30 mins were associated with a larger decrease in pain scores (SMD -0.66 [-0.94, -0.37, n=5], I2=30%) compared to interventions of less than 20 minutes (SMD 0.10 [95% CI -0.10, 0.29, n=4], I2=0%). On a 0-10 scale, 20-30 minutes of music resulted in an average decrease in pain scores of 1.06 points [-1.56, -0.56]. Conclusion Music interventions of 20-30 minutes are efficacious to reduce pain in adult ICU patients able to self-report.