Graph-based determination of structural controllability and observability for pressure and temperature dynamics during steam-assisted gravity drainage operation

•Simulator data driven structural controllability and observability analysis for actuator and sensor placement respectively.•Objective function based agglomerative hierarchical clustering to arrive at a set of spatially contiguous clusters of pressure and/or temperature.•Granger causality measure is used to create the linkage amongst the clusters to build a di-graph model of the data.•The driver nodes of the graph identify locations for actuation which provide full control over the graph.•Root strongly connected components indicate sensor locations which ensure structural observability over the entire graph.