Water-saving and drought-resistance rice: from the concept to practice and theory

The resource and environmental challenges faced by rice production call for resource-saving and environment-friendly rice varieties. Water-saving and drought-resistance rice (WDR) is a new type of cultivated rice combining both high yield potential and acceptable grain quality as a current lowland paddy rice, as well as water-saving and drought resistance as a traditional upland rice. The lowland and upland rice are two ecotypes adapted to contrasting soil water status, originating mainly because of their differentiated drought resistance. Upland rice, domesticated in a water–limited environment and experiencing a bidirectional selection process, has better drought resistance and especially better drought avoidance. Though the potential tradeoff between drought resistance and productivity is very common in rice, the bidirectional selection could overcome this tradeoff and accumulate recombination genotypes. It is very important to choose elite parents on the basis of studies on the great genetic diversity of rice yield and drought resistance among the rice germplasm resources and adapt the bidirectional selection strategies to especially integrate drought avoidance, drought tolerance, high water use efficiency, and productivity in WDR breeding. The breeding history and genomic studies indicated that lowland paddy rice and upland rice hybridization breeding with suitable selection in different environments is an effective approach to improving complex traits such as yield potential and drought resistance. Meanwhile, molecular technology shows higher efficiency on value-added breeding such as transferring and pyramiding pest- and disease-resistant genes, which helps WDR obtain other green characters. Twenty-two WDR varieties were registered and distributed to farmers in recent years and could be planted in both irrigated and rainfed ecosystems, thus showing promising application prospects. The major crop management technology of WDR in lowland paddy fields with water-saving cultivation and in rainfed fields by dry seeding with aerobic cultivation were also discussed in this article.