The classic azole antifungal drugs are highly potent endocrine disruptors in vitro inhibiting steroidogenic CYP enzymes at concentrations lower than therapeutic Cmax.

Azole antifungal drugs are used worldwide to treat a variety of fungal infections such as vulvovaginal candidiasis, particularly in pregnant women who are at increased risk. The aim of this study was to mechanistically investigate the endocrine disrupting potential of four commonly used azole antifungal drugs; clotrimazole, miconazole, ketoconazole and fluconazole in vitro using the H295R cell assay and two recombinant, CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 (aromatase), assays. Steroids were quantified using LC–MS/MS. In both recombinant assays, all four azoles inhibited the CYP enzymes investigated, at therapeutically relevant concentrations. However, responses were much more complex in the H295R cell line. Clotrimazole inhibited steroid production in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values for CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 in the range 0.017–0.184 μM. Miconazole and ketoconazole increased all steroids on the hydroxylase axis (IC50 MIC: 0.042-0.082 μM, KET: 0.041–1.2 μM), leading to accumulation of progestagens and corticosteroids and suppression of androgens and estrogens, indicating inhibition of CYP17A1, in particular lyase activity. However, ketoconazole suppressed all steroids at higher concentrations, resulting in bell-shaped curves for all steroids on the hydroxylase axis. Fluconazole was found to inhibit CYP17A1-lyase activity, causing suppression of androgens (IC50 = 114–209 μM) and estrogens (IC50 = 28 μM). The results indicate that these four azole drugs are highly potent in vitro and, based on plasma Cmax values, may exert endocrine disrupting effects at therapeutically relevant concentrations. This raises concern for endocrine related effects in patients using azole antifungal drugs, particularly when taken during sensitive periods like pregnancy.