Intake consumption of ginsenoside Rg3, profiling of selected cytokines, and development of rectal polyps

Background: Rectal polyps is a major risk factor for rectal cancer. There is a need to explore a panel of preventive measures, as well as reliable biomarkers for screening of rectal polyps. Patients and methods: We conducted a case control study which aimed to explore the effects of regular consumption of ginsenoside Rg3, profiling of selected cytokines, and development of rectal polyps in a Chinese population. Results: Significantly higher levels of IL-4, MIP-1 beta, FasL, TGF-beta 1, and RANTES were detected in rectal polyp cases. Further, we found significant dose-response relationships between quartile-categorized levels of IL-4, MIP-1 beta, FasL, and TGF-beta 1, and risk of rectal polyps. The strongest associations for IL-4, MIP-1 beta, FasL, and TGF-beta 1 were observed for the highest quartile vs the lowest quartile with an OR of 1.78, 2.70, 1.49, and 2.36, respectively. Compared with non-Rg3 consumers, regular Rg3 consumers had a significantly lower risk of rectal polyps (OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.55-0.92; P= 0.009). We also found that Rg3 consumers had significantly lower levels of IL-4, MIP-1 beta, FasL, and TGF-beta 1 than non-Rg3 consumers, in both rectal polyp cases and healthy controls. Conclusion: These results indicate that regular consumption of Rg3 might prevent the occurrence of rectal polyps through decreasing the serum level of selected cytokines, including IL-4, MIP-1 beta, FasL, and TGF-beta 1. Further clinical trials and prospective cohort studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to validate the anti-inflammatory activity and the anti-tumorigenic role of Rg3.