Causal models for decision making and debugging in cloud computing

Cloud computing involves complex technical and economical systems and interactions. This brings about various challenges, two of which are: (1) debugging and control to optimize computing systems with the help of sandbox experiments, and (2) prediction of the cost of `spotu0027 resources for decision making of cloud clients. In this paper, we formalize debugging by counterfactual probabilities and control by post-(soft-)interventional probabilities. We prove that counterfactuals can approximately be calculated from a `stochasticu0027 graphical causal model (while they are originally defined only for `deterministicu0027 functional causal models), and based on this sketch an approach to address problem (1). To address problem (2), we formalize bidding by post-(soft-)interventional probabilities and present a simple mathematical result on approximate integration of `incompleteu0027 conditional probability distributions. We show how this can be used by cloud clients to trade off privacy against predictability of the outcome of their bidding actions in a toy scenario. We report experiments on simulated and real data.