Photoinduced one-pot synthesis of hydroxamic acids from aldehydes through in-situ generated silver nanoclusters

Hydroxamic acids have attracted significant attention due to their widespread use in applied chemistry. In this report, a modified Angeli–Rimini method has been achieved via the visible light-mediated catalytic transformation of a variety of heterocyclic, aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes 1a–j to their corresponding hydroxamic acids 2a–j in 81–93% yield. The unique ability of vitamin K 3 as a photoredox catalyst to expedite the development of completely new reaction mechanisms and to enable the construction of challenging carbon–nitrogen bonds has been investigated. It is shown for the first time that the vitamin K 3 and aldehyde are largely responsible for rapid in situ reduction of Ag + ions to catalytic photoluminescent Ag nanoclusters that possess a bandgap energy of 2.87 eV and are less than 2 nm in size. A mechanism for this reaction has been proposed and is supported by UV–Vis, TEM, ESI/MS, FT-IR, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR analyses. The investigated method utilizes readily available reagents and produces the hydroxamic acids in high yields without the formation of side products, making it simple, practical and cost-effective.