2D finite-element elastic models of transtensional pull-apart basins

A set of two-dimensional finite-element elastic models are presented to provide insights on the evolution of transtensional pull-apart basins between two right-stepping, right-lateral fault segments. Three representative fault segment interaction geometries are modelled, showing underlapping, neutral and overlapping segments. Despite the simplifications of the 2D model, overall results are obtained that might help understanding the formation of pull-apart basins. Firstly, the orientations of the local σ1 and σ3 tensional stress directions markedly depend on the segment's position. Secondly, the mean normal stress is extensional in a transtensional basin between segments, while the region outside the step is characterized by more compressive mean normal stresses. Thirdly, the angle of offset between the fault segments is one of the most important parameters controlling the geometries of the transtensional pull-apart basins: connected depocenters with basin high and lozenge shape in the case of underlapping steps, spindle shape or lazy S or Z shape in the case of neutral steps, and broadly elongate rhomboidal to sigmoidal basins in the case of overlapping steps. Generally, en-échelon basin margin system, dual opposing asymmetric depocenter, intrabasin relative structural high, and wide basin width can be used as indicators that a pull-apart basin is developing in transtension zones.