Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics Versus Second Law Analysis of High-Order Dual-Phase-Lag Heat Transfer

This study introduces an analysis of high-order dual-phase-lag (DPL) heat transfer equation and its thermodynamic consistency. The frameworks of extended irreversible thermodynamics (EIT) and traditional second law are employed to investigate the compatibility of DPL model by evaluating the entropy production rates (EPR). Applying an analytical approach showed that both the first-and second-order approximations of the DPL model are compatible with the traditional second law of thermodynamics under certain circumstances. If the heat flux is the cause of temperature gradient in the medium (over diffused or flux precedence (FP) heat flow), the DPL model is compatible with the traditional second law without any constraints. Otherwise, when the temperature gradient is the cause of heat flux (gradient precedence (GP) heat flow), the conditions of stable solution of the DPL heat transfer equation should be considered to obtain compatible solution with the local equilibrium thermodynamics. Finally, an insight inspection has been presented to declare precisely the influence of high-order terms on the EPRs.