Complex speleogenetic processes and mineral deposition in the Caucasus region of Georgia

Aim: The present study aimed to characterize the speleogenesis, associated karst morphological processes and rare mineral deposition in Muradi Cave, which is located in the Caucasus region of Georgia. In this research, it was important to make basic survey and mapping of the Muradi Cave. Also, one of the goals was to collect information from a speleological point of view in order to understand the speleogenetic processes. Methodology: Multiple methods were utilized to investigate Muradi Cave, including both physical and geochemical analyses, to characterize the cave's origin, morphology and mineralogical deposits. The morphological parameters and tectonic directions of Muradi Cave were identified by compass-clinometer and laser distance meter, from which we compiled the schematic plan and 3D model of the cave. Air temperature was measured in two different places within the cave using an Onset HOBO Pro V2 Data Logger. Speleothem mineralogy was analyzed using XRD. Results: In the present study, recently investigated Muradi Cave in the Racha limestone massif, which contains different speleological, mineralogical and hydrological features providing insight to its formation and possible influences on cave development in the region. The uniqueness of Muradi Cave is given by the fact that it contains almost all types and subtypes of speleothems and sediments recorded nowadays in the caves of Caucasus. The mineral aggregates found in Muradi Cave are rare for the caves of the Caucasus. By taking into consideration, the geological-geomorphological peculiarities and the results of the archeological materials of the region, it became possible the identification of the age of the oldest deposits. Interpretation: Collectively, this investigation of an investigated area in Georgia, as well as the discovery of unique formations, provide new insight on the development of large limestone massifs in the region and has implications for deep cave development and the understanding of the region's speleological and geomorphological evolution.