3D Real-Time Collaborative Environment to Learn Teamwork and Non-technical Skills in the Operating Room

Risk-management training in the operating room (OR) can be achieved by involving learners in a simulated risky situation. The task is particularly complex because most of the time, the causes of an accident or an adverse event imply a large variety of contributing factors that are (i) difficult to combine artificially and (ii) even harder to detect and evaluate in a dynamic training context. This paper describes a model for specifying pedagogical objectives that has been integrated and used in a 3D virtual operating room project designed to train medical staff on risk management, particularly risks linked to communication default. Training sessions organized with trainers, student-anesthetist-nurses, student-operating-nurse and student-anesthetists show how teamwork efficiency in critical situations may be evaluated in a collaborative environment.