Carbon Monoxide Levels in the Extravehicular Mobility Unit by Modeling and Operational Testing.

INTRODUCTION: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic gas with potential for detriment to spaceflight operations. An analytical model was developed to investigate if a maximum CO contamination of 1 ppm in the oxygen (O-2) supply reached dangerous levels during extravehicular activity (EVA). Occupational monitoring pre- and postsuited exposures provided supplementary data for review. METHODS: The analytical model estimated O-2 and CO concentrations in the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) based on O-2 and CO flow rates into and out of the system. The model was based on 3 h of prebreathe at 15.2 psia, 8 h of EVA at 4.3 psia, and 1 hat 15.2 psia for suit doffing. The Coburn-Forster-Kane equation was used to calculate crewmember carboxyhemoglobin saturation (COHb%) as a function of time. Monitoring of hemoglobin CO saturation (SpCO) with a CO-oximeter was conducted pre- and post-EVA during operations on the International Space Station and in ground-based analog environments. RESULTS: The model predicted a maximum P-CO in the EMU of 0.061 mmHg and a maximum crewmember COHb% of 2.1%. Operational SPCO measurements in mean SD during ground-based analog testing were 0.7% 1.8% pretest and 0.5% +/- 1.5% posttest. SPCO values on the ISS were 1.5% +/- 0.7% pre-EVA and 1.1% +/- 0.3% post-EVA. DISCUSSION: The model predicted that astronauts are not exposed to toxic levels of CO during EVA and operational measurements did not show significant differences between SPCO levels between pre- and post-EVA.