Real-Time Energy Management of Battery/Supercapacitor Electric Vehicles Based on an Adaptation of Pontryagin's Minimum Principle
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology(2019)
摘要
The combination of batteries and supercapacitors is promising in electric vehicles context to minimize battery aging. Such a system needs an energy management strategy (EMS) that distributes energy in real-time for real driving cycles. Pontryagin's minimum principle (PMP) is widely used in adaptive forms to develop real-time optimization-based EMSs, thanks to its analytical approach. This methodology leads to an off-line optimal solution, which requires an extra adaptive mechanism for real-time applications. In this paper, a simplification of the PMP method is proposed to avoid the adaptation mechanism in real-time. This new EMS is compared to well-known conventional strategies by simulation. Furthermore, experimental results are provided to assess the real-time operation of the proposed EMS. Simulation and experimental results prove the advantages of the proposed approach by a reduction up to 50% of the batteries rms current on a real-world driving cycle compared to a battery-only EV.
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关键词
Real-time systems,Batteries,Mathematical model,Energy management,Resistance,Choppers (circuits),Force
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