A high thermally stable oligomer-based supramolecular solvent for universal headspace Gas Chromatography: Proof-of-principle determination of residual solvents in drugs.

Supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) extraction is gaining attraction as a sample treatment technique because of its great performance in terms of effectiveness, versatility, sample clean-up, quickness, cost and sustainability. However, the nature of SUPRASs, being formed by amphiphile molecules, results in poor compatibility with Gas Chromatography (GC). Here, we show the hitherto unexplored development of a SUPRAS with high thermal stability (HTS) suitable for subsequent direct analysis by Headspace (HS)-GC. This novel HTS-SUPRAS, based on poly-undecylenic acid -an oligomeric surfactant-, tetraglyme -a polar aprotic solvent with excellent chemical and thermal stability- and water, was fully characterized in terms of composition and physical properties such as thermal stability. Subsequently, the HTS-SUPRAS developed was further successfully applied, as a proof-of-principle, to the extraction and determination of residual solvents in pharmaceutical drugs, including several solvents (class 2C) whose analysis by HS-GC has been shown to be highly complex. Analytical performance was demonstrated as mandated by the International Council for Harmonisation of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use (ICH). Furthermore, excellent recoveries (70–120%) and high precisions (<20%, expressed as relative standard deviations) were obtained for the analysis of several different drug formulations spiked with the analyzed 37 residual solvents at their respective maximum residue levels.