Clonal analysis of Salmonella -specific effector T cells reveals serovar-specific and cross-reactive T cell responses

To tackle the complexity of cross-reactive and pathogen-specific T cell responses against related Salmonella serovars, we used mass cytometry, unbiased single-cell cloning, live fluorescence barcoding, and T cell–receptor sequencing to reconstruct the Salmonella -specific repertoire of circulating effector CD4 + T cells, isolated from volunteers challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S . Typhi) or Salmonella Paratyphi A ( S . Paratyphi). We describe the expansion of cross-reactive responses against distantly related Salmonella serovars and of clonotypes recognizing immunodominant antigens uniquely expressed by S . Typhi or S . Paratyphi A. In addition, single–amino acid variations in two immunodominant proteins, CdtB and PhoN, lead to the accumulation of T cells that do not cross-react against the different serovars, thus demonstrating how minor sequence variations in a complex microorganism shape the pathogen-specific T cell repertoire. Our results identify immune-dominant, serovar-specific, and cross-reactive T cell antigens, which should aid in the design of T cell–vaccination strategies against Salmonella .