Characterization of the Open-Label Lead-In Period of Two Randomized Controlled Phase 3 Trials Evaluating Dapagliflozin, Saxagliptin, and Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction To examine the utility of sequential versus dual add-on approaches in patients who have type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control with metformin therapy alone, we characterized the efficacy and safety of dual therapy with dapagliflozin or saxagliptin added to metformin in the open-label lead-in periods of two phase 3 trials (study 1, NCT01619059; study 2, NCT01646320) that evaluated triple therapy in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes. Methods During the lead-in periods of each trial, patients [glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 8.0–11.5%] who had been receiving metformin ≥ 1500 mg/day for ≥ 8 weeks received metformin immediate release at an equivalent dose plus dapagliflozin 10 mg/day (study 1; N = 482) or saxagliptin 5 mg/day (study 2; N = 349) for 16 weeks. Efficacy end points were assessed at week − 2 before randomization. Results Mean change in HbA1c [95% confidence interval (CI)] from lead-in baseline (study 1, 9.3%; study 2, 9.4%) was − 1.6% (− 1.7, − 1.5) in study 1 and − 1.3% (− 1.5, − 1.2) in study 2. Mean changes (95% CI) from lead-in baseline in weight and fasting plasma glucose were − 2.4 kg (− 2.6, − 2.1) and − 47.5 mg/dL (− 52.8, − 42.3) for study 1 and − 0.5 kg (− 0.8, − 0.2) and − 28.5 mg/dL (− 35.8, − 21.2) for study 2. At the end of the lead-in period, 22.0% of patients achieved HbA1c < 7.0% in study 1 and 17.5% in study 2. Dual therapy was well tolerated, with hypoglycemia incidence < 1% in both studies. Conclusion Dual therapy improved glycemic control and was well tolerated; however, most patients required additional therapy to further improve HbA1c towards target, suggesting that an early move to triple therapy with oral glucose-lowering drugs rather than a stepwise approach may be beneficial for patients with high HbA1c levels on metformin therapy. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01619059, NCT01646320. Funding AstraZeneca.