Relationship between the duration of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole treatment and the clinical outcome of pulmonary nocardiosis.

Background: Despite treatment, pulmonary nocardiosis, which is a rare opportunistic disease caused by Nocardia species, has poor clinical outcomes including recurrence and death. Currently, the treatment regimen and duration for pulmonary nocardiosis are not fully understood. The present study aimed to clarify the factors related to the clinical outcome of pulmonary nocardiosis. Methods: The medical records of 24 patients with pulmonary nocardiosis were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups based on the outcomes within 2 years: patients with controlled disease (n = 14) and patients who developed recurrence or died (n = 10). Results: Nocardia was identified by 16 S ribosomal RNA sequencing in 17 patients (70.8%) and by conventional biochemical test in five patients (20.8%). The patients' characteristics, clinical findings, radiological features, and treatment history were not different between the two groups. Compared with patients who developed recurrence or died, those with controlled disease had significantly longer total duration of treatment with antibiotics, especially trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (67.5 +/- 111.6 days us. 9.0 +/- 6.5 days; p = 0.01). Pancytopenia was the most frequent adverse effect of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Conclusions: Longer duration of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole treatment was significantly associated with better outcomes of pulmonary nocardiosis. In such cases, antibiotics, especially trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, should be administered for more than 3 months. (C) 2017 The Japanese Respiratory Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.