Maternal and zygotic transcriptomes in the appendicularian, Oikopleura dioica : novel protein-encoding genes, intra-species sequence variations, and trans- spliced RNA leader

RNA sequencing analysis was carried out to characterize egg and larval transcriptomes in the appendicularian, Oikopleura dioica , a planktonic chordate, which is characterized by rapid development and short life cycle of 5 days, using a Japanese population of the organism. De novo transcriptome assembly matched with 16,423 proteins corresponding to 95.4 % of the protein-encoding genes deposited in the OikoBase, the genome database of the Norwegian population. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities between the Japanese and Norwegian O. dioica were estimated to be around 91.0 and 94.8 %, respectively. We discovered 175 novel protein-encoding genes: 144 unigenes were common to both the Japanese and Norwegian populations, whereas 31 unigenes were not found in the OikoBase genome reference. Among the total 12,311 unigenes, approximately 63 % were detected in egg-stage RNAs, whereas 99 % were detected in larval stage RNAs; 3772 genes were up-regulated, and 1336 genes were down-regulated more than four-fold in the larvae. Gene ontology analyses characterized gene activities in these two developmental stages. We found a messenger RNA (mRNA) 5′ trans- spliced leader, which was observed in 40.8 % of the total unique transcripts. It showed preferential linkage to adenine at the 5′ ends of the downstream exons. Trans- splicing was observed more frequently in egg mRNAs compared with larva-specific mRNAs.