Relationship between hair nicotine levels with blood pressure, body composition, lipid profile and leptin among healthy male smokers in Kelantan

Objectives: Cigarette smoking has been reported to cause acute blood pressure elevation. Therefore, it is important to assess the relationships between chronic smoking and blood pressure, body composition, and the metabolic profile to gain an understanding of the long-term effects of smoking on an individual's body weight and health. This study examined the relationships between the hair nicotine level, blood pressure, body composition, lipid profile, and leptin in healthy male smokers. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, 107 male smokers aged between 20 and 50 years old were recruited as volunteers. The nicotine levels in the volunteers' hair were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Moreover, the subjects' blood pressure, body composition (weight, height, body mass index, body fat percentage, visceral fat, waist and hip circumferences, and basal metabolic rate), lipid profile, and leptin concentration were also measured. Results: The means for age and BMI among the subjects were 37.00 (9.42) years and 24.59 (4.33) kg/m(2), respectively. The average length of time as a smoker was 16.91 years. The hair nicotine level was found to be positively correlated with the total cholesterol (r = 0.314, r(2) = 0.099, p = 0.028) and triglyceride (r = 0.351. r(2) = 0.0.123, p = 0.013) levels. However, no significant correlations were found between the hair nicotine level and blood pressure, body composition, or leptin concentration. Conclusion: The positive correlations between the hair nicotine level and total cholesterol and triglyceride levels highlighted the harmful effects of chronic smoking, even among healthy male subjects.